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CPI 资讯 No. 397

摘要:

保赔保险是远洋运输船舶正常营运的重要保障,随着船舶的现代化、大型化、资金密集化等发展趋势,越来越多的船东在购买船舶时选择抵押融资,伴随着船舶抵押权的设置,抵押权人为了确保自身的利益不受到损害,往往会要求保险权益也随之转让。

一、保险权益转让的原因

船舶设置抵押权后,船东所投保的船舶险和保赔险,其被保险人仍然为船东自己而非抵押权人,因此在发生重大海难事故并涉及巨额赔付时,抵押权人的利益很可能会受到威胁。同时,大多数船舶融资都采用单船借款的模式,抵押权人所能追索的利益基本都与融资标的船舶相关,因此抵押权人希望能够控制所有现金流入的渠道,更重要的是,抵押权人希望在发生船东违约事项后,保险人作为现金支付义务的一方,在抵押权人提出要求或主张权利时,能够在不受船东或者其他方的干预下将应付款项直接支付给抵押权人[1]。根据英国1906《海上保险法》的规定,海上保险单是可以转让的(assignable),除非保单中已列明条款规定不能转让[2]。但是保险合同的转让有可能给抵押权人随之带来支付保费的义务,这是抵押权人不愿意操作的。因此,基于上述情况,在设置船舶抵押权时,抵押权人会分别通知船舶的船舶险和保赔险保险人,要求将其将保险权益“转让”(Assign)给抵押权人,只是保险赔偿请求权的转让,不构成保险合同的转让,因此保险合同的主体特别是被保险人并没有发生变更,从而达到既保障了自身的利益,又不需要履行支付保费的义务的目的。

二、保赔险权益转让的一般流程

对于上述保险权益转让的安排,船舶险保险人一般都会接受,但是绝大多数保赔险保险人即保赔协会根据其条款是拒绝将其承保的保赔险转让的,因为保赔险所保障的风险主要是船东对于第三方的赔偿责任,抵押权人并不在列,并不涉及到抵押船舶本身的财产价值,因此保赔险权益转让可能会受阻,并没有完全实现其保险权益的转让。目前国际上通行的做法是如下流程:

通常在船舶设置抵押权的过程中抵押权人或其委托的律师行会向其投保的保赔协会发出草拟的保险权益转让书(Notice of Insurance Assignment)。其目的为:

(1)初步通知保赔协会其承保的船舶将设置抵押权,同时告知保赔协会其相应的保险权益也需要同时转让其船舶抵押权人;

(2)需要保赔协会确认该船舶目前的承保状况,并确保该船舶将继续在此保赔协会承保,并不会因为即将发生的抵押权的设置而中止其保险;

(3)需要保赔协会确认在收到正式的保险权益转让书后,将出具相应的保险承诺函(Letter of Undertaking),同时承诺将损失赔偿(支付)条款(Loss Payable Clause)并入保险证书中。

通常在保赔协会将保险承诺函的模版提供给抵押权人后,一部分抵押权人或其委托的律师行会要求保赔协会按其要求进行修改保险承诺函,双方达成一致后,在船舶设置抵押权时,保赔协会将签署正式的保险承诺函,并将损失赔偿(支付)条款并入保险证书中。

三、保赔险保险权益转让中的重要文件

(1)保险权益转让书( Notice of Insurance Assignment )

We, (Owners Name) of (Owners address), the owner of (Ship’s Name) Hereby GIVE NOTICE that by a security deed dated (the date / month / year) and entered into by us with (the lenders name), there has been assigned by us to the lender as mortgagee of the said ship all insurances in respect thereof, including the insurances constituted by the Policy whereon this notice is endorsed. This notice to you may not be withdrawn or revoked without the prior consent of the lender.

即船舶融资合同中有关保险安排的约定,船东向各有关保险人签发保险权益转让书,通知各有关保险人,保险权益将伴随着船舶抵押权的设置一并转让给抵押权人。

(2)损失赔偿(支付)条款(Loss Payable Clause)

Payment of any recovery the Owner is entitled to make out of the funds of the Association in respect of any liability, costs or expenses incurred by it shall be made to the Owner or to its order unless and until the Association receives notice from (the "Mortgagee") that the Owner is in default under the mortgage of the vessel in favor of the mortgagee, in which event all recoveries shall thereafter be paid to the Mortgagee for distribution by it to itself and/or to Mortgagee's order provided always that no liability whatsoever shall attach to the Association, its Managers or their agents for failure to comply with the latter obligation until after the expiry of two clear business days from the receipt of such notice.

The Association shall, unless it receives from Mortgagee notice to the contrary, be at liberty at the request of the Owner to provide bail or other security to prevent the arrest or obtain the release of the vessel, without liability to the Mortgagee.

保赔协会一般会将保赔险项下的赔款支付给船东即船舶抵押人,只有在船舶抵押权人提前两个工作日书面通知保赔协会,船东违反了融资合同的义务,要求保赔协会将赔款直接支付给抵押权人或其指定的人,则保赔协会将会按照船舶抵押权人的要求进行支付,否则保赔协会将不承担违反该项义务的责任。

(3)保险承诺函(Letter of Undertaking)

保险承诺函是保赔协会收到了船东的保险权益转让书后,对抵押权人做出的承诺,其中主要由三部分内容构成:

(i)协会确认收到保险权益转让书

We note you have taken an assignment of the insurance on the above vessel. So far as this Association is concerned, the Managers do not consent to such assignment, other than to give efficacy to the Loss Payable Clause set out below:

We do confirm however that such vessel is entered in this Association for Protection and Indemnity risks on the terms and conditions set out or to be set out in the Certificate of Entry. Furthermore, in consideration of your agreeing to the entry or continuing entry of the vessel in this Association, the Managers agree:

(a) that the Owner, i.e. the captioned Assured shall not cease to be insured by the Association in respect of that vessel by reason of such assignment; and

(b) that, notwithstanding that the vessel has been mortgaged to you and that no undertaking or guarantee has been given to the Association to pay all contributions due in respect of such vessel, the Owner does not cease to be insured.

保赔协会注意到了船东(抵押人)已接受了上述船舶的保赔险保险权益转让,但是就保赔协会的利益而言,保赔协会经理部不同意该保险权益的转让(一般保赔协会的条款规定,不允许保赔险权益转让)。但是同意将损失赔偿(支付)条款并入保赔险入会证书。

保赔协会确认抵押船舶依据入会证书上列明的保险条件在协会投保了保赔保险,鉴于抵押权人同意抵押船舶在协会投保或继续在协会投保,保赔协会确认:

(a)船东,即抵押船舶的被保险人将不会因为保险权益转让而丧失协会的保险保障。

(b)尽管上述船舶已抵押于抵押权人并且协会并未得到抵押权人对抵押船舶支付其所有到期会费的保证或担保,但船东并不会因此丧失本协会的保险保障。

(ii)损失赔偿(支付)条款的内容(Loss Payable Clause)

参上述说明,不再赘述。

(iii)协会保证(The Association undertakes)

(a)to inform you if the Association gives the Owner of the above vessel notice that its insurance in the Association in respect of such vessel is to cease;

(b)to give 14 days’ notice of the Association intention to cancel the insurance of the Owner by reason of his failure to pay when due and demanded any sum due from him to the Association; and

(c)to advise you promptly if the vessel ceases to be entered in the Association

除非或直到收到抵押权人的书面反对意见,保赔协会有权为防止船舶被扣押出具担保。协会保证:当协会依据现行保险条款的规定向船东发出停止上述船舶的保险时通知抵押权人;当船东未能及时付清所欠协会的应付会费而协会欲撤销上述船舶的保险时提前14天向抵押权人发出书面通知。当船舶停止保险时及时通知抵押权人。

四、保赔险保险权益转让需要注意的问题

根据上述转让流程,对于保赔险的保险转让需要注意的几个问题:

(1)保赔险没有完全实现保险权益转让

在保赔协会出具的保险承诺函中,保赔协会明确表示了其不同意保险权益的转让,其原因是保赔险所承保的责任如:油污、货物、人员及残骸打捞等责任,主要是针对三方的赔偿责任,而非对船东自身的赔偿。而在某些情况下,保赔协会补偿给船东的某些损失,也源于保赔协会章程和条款中所规定的“会员先付”的原则,即船东先行支付后,保赔协会后续对船东进行补偿。因此对于抵押权人而言,并不能从保赔险的保险权益转让中得到相应的补偿,只能通过保赔险的保险保障使得船东能够正常的营运,从而间接地得到保障。

(2)抵押权人需要做好事先通知的工作

从上述保险承诺函中可以发现,虽然保赔险保险权益不能得到完全意义上的转让,但并不代表保赔协会不去配合抵押权人保障其自身的利益,其前提是船东是否违反了融资合同需要抵押权人事先书面通知保赔协会,且以保赔协会收到上述通知为准,换句话说,当且仅当抵押权人以书面形式通知保赔协会,保赔协会才有可能将赔付款项支付给融抵押权人[3]。

(3)是否所有的船舶融资都需要进行保险权益转让

随着融资方式的多元化,有些船舶采取抵押融资的方式,有些则采取融资租赁的方式,那么船舶设置抵押权后,是否承担支付保费的义务,完全取决于船东的身份是否发生了变更,如果采取抵押融资的方式,虽然船舶设置了抵押权,但究其本质船东的身份和地位并没有发生变化,对于保赔协会而言,船东作为被保险人的地位也并未发生变化,而抵押权人也没有作为共同被保险人列入在保赔险的入会证书中,其也不承担相应的支付保费的义务,因此便出现了上述对于抵押权人的承诺与保证。如果采取融资租赁的方式,那么船东变为租赁公司,实际运营的船东变为了光租人,在此模式下,笔者认为该租赁公司和光租人,将均作为共同被保险人列入保险证书中,均承担支付保费的义务,并享有获得赔偿的权利,也不需要再将保险权益进行转让。

综上所述,通过保险权益转让的方式,能更好的保障抵押权人的利益,做好一系列的保险权益转让工作,对于抵押权人而言至关重要。

参考文献:

[1] 潘占军. 船舶融资. 北京:中国金融出版社. 2015出版

[2] 英国1906《海上保险法》

[3] 杨良宜. 船舶融资与抵押. 大连:大连海事大学出版社. 2003出版

以上仅为笔者的个人观点,不作为业内专业指导,如果进一步问题,请与协会相关人员联系。